Maternale

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The importance of vaccination during pregnancy lies not only in directly protecting vaccinated women, but also by indirectly protecting small infants during the first few months of life. Although large‐scale chimerism is relatively rare among organisms 24, microchimerism is common in placental mammals. Some years later, additional molecular testing confirmed the diagnosis of maternal uniparental disomy 14. Op deze manier zijn zuigelingen de eerste levensmaanden beschermd tegen (een ernstig verloop van) kinkhoest. These vaccinations give newborns good protection and, to date, no adverse effects are known for the foetus or the pregnancy.

The presence of fetal cells has been associated with both positive and negative effects on maternal health.

Maternale is an intimate and - in its adherence to the unities of time, place and action - highly formalised exploration of 'female' themes: frustrated desires, mother-child rivalry, the regime of the domestic, manifested here in an almost sensual obsession with food.

Fetal cells have many parallels with the placenta and can perhaps be considered a far‐reaching extension of the placenta “beyond the womb,” into maternal tissues during pregnancy and lasting long after parturition. Fetal cells increase in frequency in the maternal body with increasing gestational age 7, 8 and have been identified in maternal blood and tissues for decades following birth 9, 10. frequency (∼198 cells out of 1 × 10 5 host cells), while flow cytometry could detect microchimeric events at 0.Major challenges for future work on fetal microchimerism and maternal health include: (1) distinguishing fetal alleles from maternal alleles; (2) detecting extremely low levels of fetal cells; (3) identifying the functional role of fetal cells in maternal tissues; and (4) measuring the interactions between fetal cells and maternal immune cells. Identification of male cardiomyocytes of extracardiac o